LOW BITRATE HYBRID SECURED IMAGE COMPRESSION FOR WIRELESS IMAGE SENSOR NETWORK

Wireless image sensor networks are capable of sensing, processing and transmitting the visual data along with the scalar data and have attainedwide attention in sensitive applications such as visual surveillance, habitat monitoring, and ubiquitous computing. The sensor nodes in the network are resource constrained in nature. Since the image data are huge always high computational cost and energy budget are levied on the sensor nodes. The compression standards JPEG and JPEG 2000 are not feasible as they involve complex computations. To stretch out the life span of these nodes,it is required to have low complex and low bitrate image compression techniques exclusively designed for this platform. The complicated scenarioof wireless sensor network in processing and transmitting image data has been addressed by a low complex hybrid secured image compression technique using discrete wavelet transform and Bin discrete cosine transformation. Â

A Comparative study of umbilical hernia repair by open and laparoscopic method

INTRODUCTION: Embryologically, the fascial margins of the umbilical defect are formed by the third week of foetal life when the four folds of the somatopleurae tend to fold inward. An umbilical cord is produced in the fifth week. By the tenth week of embryonic life, abdominal contents return from their location out side the coelom into the developing abdominal cavity. The vitelline duct and the allantois regress by the fifteenth to sixteenth week. If any of these processes are defective, umbilical malformations occur. At birth, the umbilical arteries and the umbilical vein are thrombosed, and the vitelline duct and the allantois have already been obliterated. The umbilical ring then scars and contracts. The obliterated umbilical vein (round ligament) is usually attached to the inferior border of the umbilical ring along with remnants of the urachus and the two obliterated umbilical arteries. The round ligament, by crossing and partially covering the umbilical ring, may protect against herniation. In instances where the ligament divides and inserts in the upper part of the umbilical ring without crossing it, a potential weakness is present. The umbilical Richet’s fascia also reinforces the umbilicalring. If Richet’s fascia is absent, located outside the limits of the umbilical ring, (or) only partially covers the ring, the area appears much weaker. AIM OF THE STUDY: To study the outcome of: 1. Open repair and Laproscopic repair for umbilical hernias – a comparitive study. 2. Primary closure versus mesh repair. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a prospective type of comparative study conducted from December 2007 to November 2009 at Government Rajaji Hospital, Madurai includes 50 patients who underwent open anatomical and meshrepair and laproscopic anatomical and mesh repair methods of umbilical Hernia repair. The patients included in this study were randomly selected from those who underwent open anatomical and mesh repair and laproscopic anatomical and mesh repair including elective and emergency procedures for complications. The relevant data of patients included in the study were collected recorded as follows, Name, age, sex, occupation, Nutritional Status, present history, size of defect, complications, collected were observed for and recorded in the proforma. Post operative period and complications were noted. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic mesh repair produce low recurrence rate with less morbidity. The evidence available at present suggests that laparoscopic repair is feasible, safe although experience with the new meshes is still limited and less cost effective. With the existing data, it will be prudent to recommend laparoscopic repair as the first line treatment for umbilical hernia where the facilities and expertise are available, where it is not, open mesh repair remains a suitable alternative. As laparoscoic skills improve, it is likely that laparoscopic repair will be more widely performed in future

Knowledge, attitude, and practices among clinically exposed medical students and interns towards COVID-19 vaccine in a tertiary care hospital, Kanyakumari district: a cross-sectional survey

Background: Several COVID-19 vaccines have been approved against coronavirus disease and its distribution to different countries. The study is mainly done to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practice among clinically exposed medical students and interns toward COVID-19 vaccine.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2022 to August 2022 in a tertiary care hospital. Using questionnaires, the knowledge, attitude, and practice among medical students and interns were assessed, and they were then analysed and categorised accordingly. Then the students were given awareness regarding COVID-19 vaccine.Results: The questionnaires were distributed among students and interns, and responses were collected. A total number of participants (n=300), out of which the majority of responders were second-year students 89 (29.6%). Overall, 39.75% had high-grade knowledge, 43.5% had a positive attitude and 37.5% had good practice regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. The results show that 81.2% of interns had high-grade knowledge, 76.6% possess a positive attitude and 71.9% of good practice and preventive measures towards COVID-19 vaccine.Conclusions: Our study concludes that there were certain gaps in knowledge, attitude, and practice among second and third-year medical students when compared with final-year medical students and interns

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Not AvailableSeven species of prawns of different size caught during different seasons were analysed for fat, nonsaponifiable matter (NSM) and cholesterol for a period of 1 year. The cholesterol content was found to be not steady throughout the seasons with alternate ups and downs, the maximum being in August and November. Two way ANOVA showed that there was significant difference in cholesterol content between species as well as between seasons. A negative correlation of cholesterol content was observed between size and months of sampling from March to June.Not Availabl

Can current moisture responses predict soil CO2 efflux under altered precipitation regimes? A synthesis of manipulation experiments.

As a key component of the carbon cycle, soil CO2 efflux (SCE) is being increasingly studied to improve our mechanistic understanding of this important carbon flux. Predicting ecosystem responses to climate change often depends on extrapolation of current relationships between ecosystem processes and their climatic drivers to conditions not yet experienced by the ecosystem. This raises the question of to what extent these relationships remain unaltered beyond the current climatic window for which observations are available to constrain the relationships. Here, we evaluate whether current responses of SCE to fluctuations in soil temperature and soil water content can be used to predict SCE under altered rainfall patterns. Of the 58 experiments for which we gathered SCE data, 20 were discarded because either too few data were available or inconsistencies precluded their incorporation in the analyses. The 38 remaining experiments were used to test the hypothesis that a model parameterized with data from the control plots (using soil temperature and water content as predictor variables) could adequately predict SCE measured in the manipulated treatment. Only for 7 of these 38 experiments was this hypothesis rejected. Importantly, these were the experiments with the most reliable data sets, i.e., those providing high-frequency measurements of SCE. Regression tree analysis demonstrated that our hypothesis could be rejected only for experiments with measurement intervals of less than 11 days, and was not rejected for any of the 24 experiments with larger measurement intervals. This highlights the importance of high-frequency measurements when studying effects of altered precipitation on SCE, probably because infrequent measurement schemes have insufficient capacity to detect shifts in the climate dependencies of SCE. Hence, the most justified answer to the question of whether current moisture responses of SCE can be extrapolated to predict SCE under altered precipitation regimes is ?no? ? as based on the most reliable data sets available. We strongly recommend that future experiments focus more strongly on establishing response functions across a broader range of precipitation regimes and soil moisture conditions. Such experiments should make accurate measurements of water availability, should conduct high-frequency SCE measurements, and should consider both instantaneous responses and the potential legacy effects of climate extremes. This is important, because with the novel approach presented here, we demonstrated that, at least for some ecosystems, current moisture responses could not be extrapolated to predict SCE under altered rainfall conditions

Can current moisture responses predict soil CO2 efflux under altered precipitation regimes? A synthesis of manipulation experiments

As a key component of the carbon cycle, soil CO2 efflux (SCE) is being increasingly studied to improve our mechanistic understanding of this important carbon flux. Predicting ecosystem responses to climate change often depends on extrapolation of current relationships between ecosystem processes and their climatic drivers to conditions not yet experienced by the ecosystem. This raises the question of to what extent these relationships remain unaltered beyond the current climatic window for which observations are available to constrain the relationships. Here, we evaluate whether current responses of SCE to fluctuations in soil temperature and soil water content can be used to predict SCE under altered rainfall patterns. Of the 58 experiments for which we gathered SCE data, 20 were discarded because either too few data were available or inconsistencies precluded their incorporation in the analyses. The 38 remaining experiments were used to test the hypothesis that a model parameterized with data from the control plots (using soil temperature and water content as predictor variables) could adequately predict SCE measured in the manipulated treatment. Only for 7 of these 38 experiments was this hypothesis rejected. Importantly, these were the experiments with the most reliable data sets, i.e., those providing high-frequency measurements of SCE. Regression tree analysis demonstrated that our hypothesis could be rejected only for experiments with measurement intervals of less than 11 days, and was not rejected for any of the 24 experiments with larger measurement intervals. This highlights the importance of high-frequency measurements when studying effects of altered precipitation on SCE, probably because infrequent measurement schemes have insufficient capacity to detect shifts in the climate dependencies of SCE. Hence, the most justified answer to the question of whether current moisture responses of SCE can be extrapolated to predict SCE under altered precipitation regimes is 'no' - as based on the most reliable data sets available. We strongly recommend that future experiments focus more strongly on establishing response functions across a broader range of precipitation regimes and soil moisture conditions. Such experiments should make accurate measurements of water availability, should conduct high-frequency SCE measurements, and should consider both instantaneous responses and the potential legacy effects of climate extremes. This is important, because with the novel approach presented here, we demonstrated that, at least for some ecosystems, current moisture responses could not be extrapolated to predict SCE under altered rainfall conditions

Can Current Moisture Responses Predict Soil CO2 Efflux Under Altered Precipitation Regimes? A Synthesis of Manipulation Experiments

As a key component of the carbon cycle, soil CO2 efflux (SCE) is being increasingly studied to improve our mechanistic understanding of this important carbon flux. Predicting ecosystem responses to climate change often depends on extrapolation of current relationships between ecosystem processes and their climatic drivers to conditions not yet experienced by the ecosystem. This raises the question to what extent these relationships remain unaltered beyond the current climatic window for which observations are available to constrain the relationships. Here, we evaluate whether current responses of SCE to fluctuations in soil temperature and soil water content can be used to predict SCE under altered rainfall patterns. Of the 58 experiments for which we gathered SCE data, 20 were discarded because either too few data were available, or inconsistencies precluded their incorporation in the analyses. The 38 remaining experiments were used to test the hypothesis that a model parameterized with data from the control plots (using soil temperature and water content as predictor variables) could adequately predict SCE measured in the manipulated treatment. Only for seven of these 38 experiments, this hypothesis was rejected. Importantly, these were the experiments with the most reliable datasets, i.e., those providing high-frequency measurements of SCE. Accordingly, regression tree analysis demonstrated that measurement frequency was crucial; our hypothesis could be rejected only for experiments with measurement intervals of less than 11 days, and was not rejected for any of the 24 experiments with larger measurement intervals. This highlights the importance of high-frequency measurements when studying effects of altered precipitation on SCE, probably because infrequent measurement schemes have insufficient capacity to detect shifts in the climate-dependencies of SCE. We strongly recommend that future experiments focus more strongly on establishing response functions across a broader range of precipitation regimes and soil moisture conditions. Such experiments should make accurate measurements of water availability, they require high-frequency SCE measurements and they should consider both instantaneous responses and the potential legacy effects of climate extremes. This is important, because we demonstrated that at least for some ecosystems, current moisture responses cannot be extrapolated to predict SCE under altered rainfall

Energy efficient image coding techniques for low power sensor nodes: A review

Visual Sensors Networks (VSN) are spatially dispersed distributed networks, consisting of small sensing units and image sensors. They are scattered over a region to sense, collect and transfer data and are involved in domains such as environmental monitoring, surveillance and tracking. The resource restrictions imposed on sensor nodes are the challenges for image transmission. Sensor nodes are battery power supplied. The greatest operative solution is image compression for energy efficient image communication. With the advent of VSNs, energy-aware compression algorithms have gained wide attention. Since the application of the conventional standards are not energy beneficial. New strategies and mechanisms for power-efficient image compression algorithms are developed. The scope of this review is to provide a holistic review of such energy efficient image compression algorithms for camera equipped VSN. This survey enumerates the benefits and limitations of conventional image compression standards to latest compression technique developed and adapted for VSN. Keywords: Image compression techniques, DCT, DWT, Wireless sensor networks, VSN, Entropy codin